Almost everyone has come across a bully, and it’s important to know what to do when you’re a target of bullying or how to intervene when you see someone being bullied. Below, we’ll outline ways to safely help identify, prevent, and confront bullying and even change bully behavior when you see or experience it.

Why do people become or behave like bullies?

Unfortunately, bullying behavior happens at every age–to kids, teens, and adults. Everyone, even bullies, have their own issues and stressors that cause them to act out and respond to the world in different ways. There is no one standard profile of a bully. Anyone from any kind of background can have bullying behaviors. In some cases, bullies are acting out of insecurity or low self-esteem, or replicating bad behavior they’ve witnessed. Some want to feel a sense of power over others, or they receive validation from peers when they bully. While this shouldn’t excuse a bully of their actions, knowing that context can help you better understand the reasons for their behavior.

If you see a bully committing a crime, or if someone is in immediate risk of harm, find a teacher or school staff member

Do not hesitate to report harmful, violent, or criminal behavior to your school or other authority figures in your life. Let a security guard, teacher or school staff member know an act of bullying is taking place. Try to document and report bullying as quickly and thoroughly as possible. This also includes cyberbullying.

If someone is feeling helpless, distraught, or contemplating suicide, put them in touch with life-saving resources like the school counselor or a crisis hotline

The national crisis hotline is 988. The crisis hotline is reachable via call, text, or webchat, is available 24 hours a day, and is staffed by trained volunteers who are ready to talk. We recommend saving that number, using it if you need to, and sharing it with others who need it. In addition to this hotline, here is a list of free and low-cost mental health resources for young people.

Pay attention to the signs that someone might be being bullied and check in

Sudden shyness, appearing sad or anxious, and difficulty taking care of themselves or their responsibilities can all be indicators that someone is being bullied. Even if it feels awkward, checking in with people around you and paying attention to signs is a critical part of identifying and preventing bullying.

If your school is not appropriately intervening in cases where bullying is happening:

Google the contact information for your school’s superintendent (their number and email should be public) or report it to a Department of Education contact in your state. It’s important to diligently document and report bullying until something is done to stop it.

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is an increasingly common form of bullying that includes sending, sharing, or posting negative or harmful content about someone else. Cyberbullying happens in the online and digital space; for example, through text, email, social media, online gaming, chat rooms, and message boards. It can occur both during and outside of school, and is often less noticeable than in-person bullying. Here’s how to stop it:

Check in with your friends if they seem down, or you notice signs that someone else’s actions might be negatively affecting them

Because many young people have access to a computer/phone and internet, it’s possible they could be having a private conversation that friends, family, or teachers have no way of knowing about. Because of this, it’s important to check in with people who you see constantly on their phone, anxiously texting others, or showing signs that they’re distraught about something. This can look like simply asking someone if something is bothering them.

Document and report any forms of cyberbullying

If you see someone being bullied on social media, or if you experience it, take screenshots or find a way to record, document, and report the bullying. Having a record of bullying incidents is important when you notify school staff or authorities in serious cases.

Understand that cyberbullying is more than “just a joke”

Being mean or toxic is often veiled as a form of humor. The bully making the joke might find it funny, but the person on the receiving end could be deeply and negatively affected. If you see someone receiving mean or toxic comments or messages, check in with them about how they feel and document and report this behavior if it’s warranted.

If you or someone you know are experiencing bullying in any form, it’s essential to let a trusted parent/guardian or educator know. The national crisis hotline is 988.